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Temperature Controllers
These Controllers receive sensor signals and control heaters or other devices to maintain a preset temperature. They can also be used for humidity, pressure, and flowrate control. OMRON also provides temperature and humidity sensors.
 Overview
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Features |
| Principles |
Classifications
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| Engineering Data | Further Information |
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Temperature Controller Glossary
Glossary of Control Terminology
Hysteresis
ON/OFF control action turns the output ON or OFF based on the set point. The output frequently changes according to minute temperature changes as a result, and this shortens the life of the output relay or unfavorably affects some devices connected to the Temperature Controller. To prevent this from happening, a temperature band called hysteresis is created between the ON and OFF operations.
Hysteresis (Reverse Operation)
Example:
Hysteresis (Forward Operation)
Example:
Offset
Proportional control action causes an error in the process value due to the heat capacity of the controlled object and the capacity of the heater. The result is a small discrepancy between the process value and the set point in stable operation. This error is called offset. Offset is the difference in temperature between the set point and the actual process temperature. It may exist above or below the set point.
Hunting and Overshooting
ON/OFF control action often involves the waveform shown in the following diagram. A temperature rise that exceeds the set point after temperature control starts is called overshooting. Temperature oscillation near the set point is called hunting. Improved temperature control is to be expected if the degree of overshooting and hunting are low.
Hunting and Overshooting in ON/OFF Control Action
control cycle and Time-Proportioning Control Action
The control output will be turned ON intermittently according to a preset cycle if P action is used with a relay or SSR. This preset cycle is called the control cycle and this method of control is called timeproportioning control action.
Example:
If the control cycle is 10 s with an 80% control output, the ON and OFF periods will be as follows.
Derivative Time
Derivative time is the period required for a ramp-type deviation in derivative control (e.g., the deviation shown in the following graph)that coincides with the control output in proportional control action.The longer the derivative time is the stronger the derivative control action will be.
PD Action and Derivative Time
Integral Time
Integral time is the period required for a step-type deviation in integral control (e.g., the deviation shown in the following graph) to coincide with the control output in proportional control action. The shorter the integral time is the stronger the integral action will be. If the integral time is too short, however, hunting may result.
PI Action and Integral Time
For constant value control, control is preformed at specific temperatures.
program control tracks target values to make predetermined changes.
The PID constant values and combinations that are used for temperature control depend on the characteristics of the controlled object. A variety of conventional methods that are used to obtain these PID constants have been suggested and implemented based on actual control temperature waveforms. Auto-tuning methods make it possible to obtain PID constants suitable to a variety of controlling objects. The most common types of Auto-tuning are the step response, marginal sensitivity, and limit cycle methods.
step response Method
The value most frequently used must be the set point in this method.Calculate the maximum temperature ramp R and the dead time L from a 100% step-type control output. Then obtain the PID constants from R and L.
Proportional control action begins from start point A in this method.Narrow the width of the proportional band until the temperature starts to oscillate. Then obtain the PID constants from the value of the proportional band and the oscillation cycle time T at that time.
Limit Cycle Method
ON/OFF control begins from start point A in this method. Then obtain the PID constants from the hunting cycle T and oscillation D.
Readjusting PID Constants
PID constants calculated in auto-tuning operation normally do not cause problems except for some particular applications. In those cases, refer to the following diagrams to readjust the constants.
Response to Change in the Proportional Band
Wider
It is possible to suppress overshooting although a comparatively long startup time and set time will be required.
Narrower
The process value reaches the set point within a comparatively short time and keeps the temperature stable although overshooting and hunting will result until the temperature becomes stable.
Response to Change in Integral Time
Wider
The set point takes longer to reach. It is possible to reduce hunting, overshooting,and undershooting although a comparatively long startup time and set time will be required.
Narrower
The process temperature reaches the set point within a comparatively short time although overshooting,undershooting, and hunting will result.
Response to Change in Derivative Time
Wider
The process value reaches the set point within a comparatively short time with comparatively small amounts of overshooting and undershooting. Fine-cycle hunting will result due to the change in process value.
Narrower
The process value will take a relatively long time to reach the set point with heavy overshooting and undershooting.
Fuzzy Self-tuning
PID constants must be determined according to the characteristics of the controlled object for proper temperature control. The conventional Temperature Controller incorporates an auto-tuning function to calculate PID constants. In that case, it is necessary to give instructions to the Temperature Controller to trigger the autotuning function. Furthermore, temperature disturbances may result if the limit cycle is adopted. The Temperature Controller in fuzzy selftuning operation determines the start of tuning and ensures smooth tuning without disturbing temperature control. In other words, the fuzzy self-tuning function makes it possible to adjust PID constants according to the characteristics of the controlled object.
Fuzzy Self-tuning in 3 Modes
PID constants are calculated by tuning when the set point changes.
When an external disturbance affects the process value, the PID constants will be adjusted and kept in a specified range.
If hunting results, the PID constants will be adjusted to suppress hunting.
auto-tuning with a Conventional Temperature Controller
auto-tuning (AT) Function:
A function that automatically calculates
optimum PID constants for controlled objects.
Features:
(1) Tuning will be performed when the AT instruction is given.
(2) The limit cycle signal is generated to oscillate the temperature before tuning.
Self-tuning
Self-tuning (ST) Function:
A function that automatically calculates optimum PID constants for controlled objects.
Features:
(1) Whether to perform tuning or not is determined by the Temperature Controller.
(2) No signal that disturbs the process value is generated.
Self-tuning
Self-tuning is supported by the E[]S. Trends in temperature changes are used to automatically calculate and set a suitable proportional band.
PID Control and Tuning Methods for Temperature Controllers
| Model | PID | Two PID | Two PID + Fuzzy |
| Type of PID | |||
| E5[]N (See note.) | AT, ST** | ||
| E5[]K | AT, ST | ||
| E5[]S | ST* | ||
| E5ZN | AT | ||
| E5ZD | AT | AT | |
| E5ZE | AT | ||
| C200H-TC | AT | ||
| C200H-TV | AT | ||
| C200H-PID | AT | ||
| CQM1-TC | AT |
ST: Fuzzy self-tuning, ST*: Self-tuning, ST**: Executed only for SP changes,AT: Autotuning
Note:Not including the E5ZN
Control Outputs
Relay output:
Contact relay output used for control methods with comparatively low switching frequencies.
SSR output:
Non-contact solid-state relay output for switching 1 A maximum.
Current output:
Continuous 4- to 20-mA or 0- to 20-mA DC output used for driving power controllers and electromagnetic valves. Ideal for high-precision control. A preset linear output is produced if the load resistance falls below allowable levels.
Voltage output (Linear output):
Continuous 0 to 5 or 0 to 10 VDC output used for driving pressure controllers.Ideal for high-precision control.
Glossary of Alarm Terminology
The Temperature Controller compares the process value and the preset alarm value, turns the alarm signal ON, and displays the type of alarm in the preset operation mode.
Deviation Alarm
The deviation alarm turns ON according to the deviation from the set point in the Temperature Controller.
Setting Example
Alarm temperature is set to 110 °.
The alarm set point is set to 10 °C.
Absolute-value Alarm
The absolute-value alarm turns ON according to the alarm temperature regardless of the set point in the Temperature Controller.
Setting Example
Alarm temperature is set to 110 °C.
The alarm set point is set to 110 °C.
Standby Sequence Alarm
It may be difficult to keep the process value outside the specified alarm range in some cases (e.g., when starting up the Temperature Controller), and the alarm turns ON abruptly as a result. This can be prevented with the standby sequential function of the Temperature Controller. This function makes it possible to ignore the process value right after the Temperature Controller is turned ON or right after the Temperature Controller starts temperature control. In this case, the alarm will turn ON if the process value enters the alarm range after the process value has been once stabilized.
Example of Alarm Output with Standby Sequence Set
Temperature rise
Temperature Drop
SSR Failure Alarm
(Applicable models: E5CN)
(Three phase (E5CN, E5AN, and E5EN only) and single phase)
Many types of heaters are used to raise the temperature of the controlled object. The ct (Current Transformer) is used by the Temperature Controller to detect the heater current. If the heater's power consumption drops, the Temperature Controller will detect heater burnout from the ct and will output the heater burnout alarm.
The alarm will turn OFF if the process value falls outside alarm operation range. This can be prevented if the process value enters the alarm range and an alarm is output by holding the alarm output until the power supply turns OFF.
LBA (Operates differently in the E5[]K and E5CN)
(Applicable models: E5[]K)
The LBA (loop break alarm) is a function that turns the alarm signal ON by assuming the occurrence of control loop failure if there is no input change with the control output set to the highest or lowest value. Therefore, this function can be used to detect control loop errors.
(Applicable models: E5CN, E5AN, and E5EN)
The LBA (loop break alarm) is a function that turns the alarm signal ON by assuming the occurrence of control loop failure if there is no input change with the deviation above a certain level. Therefore, this function can be used to detect control loop errors.
Configurable Upper and Lower Limit Alarm Settings
(Applicable models: E5[]N and E5[]R)
Glossary of Temperature Sensor Terminology
Cold Junction Compensating Circuit
The thermo-electromotive force of the thermocouple is generated according to the temperature difference between the hot and cold junctions. If the cold junction temperature fluctuates, the measurement data will fluctuate even if the hot junction temperature remains stable. For this reason, a separate sensor built into the controller is used to monitor any changes in the cold junction (terminal connected to the thermocouple), and the controller automatically compensates for these changes to keep the cold end of the device at 0 °C. This is called cold junction compensation.
The thermoelectromotive force VT is calculated from the following formula: VT = V (350 − 20)
Compensating conductor
An actual application may have a sensing point located far away from the Temperature Controller. Compensating conductors are connected to the thermocouple in this case because thermocouple conductors are expensive. The compensating conductor must conform to the characteristics of the thermocouple, otherwise precise temperature sensing will not be possible.
Example of Compensating Conductor Use
A preset point is added to or subtracted from the temperature detected by the Temperature Sensor of the Temperature Controller to display the process value. The difference between the detected temperature and the displayed temperature is set as an input compensation value.
Glossary of Output Terminology
Reverse Operation (Heating)
The Temperature Controller in reverse operation will increase control output if the process value is lower than the set point (i.e., if the Temperature Controller has a negative deviation).
Direct Operation (Cooling)
Heating and Cooling Control
Temperature control over a controlled object would be difficult if heating was the only type of control available, so cooling control was also added. Two control outputs (one for heating and one for cooling)can be provided by one Temperature Controller.
MV (Manipulated Variable) Limiter
With heating and cooling control, the cooling MV is treated as a negative value. Generally speaking then, the upper limit (positive value) is set to the heating output and the lower limit (negative value)is set to the cooling output as shown in the following diagram.
Rate of Change Limit
The overlap band and dead band are set for the cooling output. A negative value here produces an overlap band and a positive value produces a dead band.
When adequate control characteristics cannot be obtained using the same PID constants, such as when the heating and cooling characteristics of the controlled object vary significantly, adjust the proportional band on the cooling side (cooling side P) using the cooling coefficient until heating and cooling side control are balanced. P on the heating and cooling control sides is calculated from the following formula.
Heating side P = P
Cooling side P = Heating side P x cooling coefficient
For cooling side P control when heating side characteristics are different, multiply the heating side P by the cooling coefficient.
Heating Side P × 0.8
Heating Side P × 1.5
Positioning-Proportioning Control
This is also called ON/OFF servo control. When a Control Motor or Modutrol Motor with a valve is used in this control system, a potentiometer reads the degree of pening (position) of the control valve, outputs an open and close signal, and transmits the control output to Temperature Controller. The Temperature Controller outputs two signals: an open and close signal.
OMRON uses floating control. This means that the potentiometer does not feed back the control valve position and temperature can be controlled with or without a potentiometer.
Transfer Output
A Temperature Controller with current output independent from control output is available. The process value or set point within the available temperature range of the Temperature Controller is converted into 4- to 20-mA linear output that can be input into recorders to keep the results of temperature control on record. The transfer output will be turned ON between the upper and lower limits if the E5[]K-[]F the Temperature Controller is used.
Glossary of Setting Terminology
Set Limit
Multiple Set Points
Two or more set points independent from each other can be set in the Temperature Controller in control operation.
Setting Memory Banks
The Temperature Controller stores a maximum of eight groups of data (e.g., set value and PID constant data) in built-in memory banks for temperature control. The Temperature Controller selects one of these banks in actual control operation.
set point (SP) Ramp
Remote Set Point (SP) Input
For a set point input - Glossary of Industrial Automation">remote set point input, the Temperature Controller uses an external input ranging from 4- to 20-mA for the target temperature.When the SP - Glossary of Industrial Automation">remote SP function is enabled, the 4- to 20-mA input becomes the remote set point.
Event Input
An event input is an external signal that can be used to control various actions, such as target value switching, equipment or process RUN/STOP, and pattern selection.
The input digital filter parameter is used to set the time constant of the digital filter. Data that has passed through the digital filter appears as shown in the following diagram.
Temperature Sensor Glossary
Temperature Sensor Types and Features
Pt100 and JPt100
In January 1, 1989, the JIS standard for platinum resistance thermometers (Pt100) was revised to incorporate the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)standard. The new JIS standard was established on April 1, 1989. Platinum resistance thermometers prior to the JIS standard revision are distinguished as JPt100.Therefore, make sure that the correct platinum resistance thermometer is being used.
The following table shows the differences in appearance of the Pt100 and JPt100.
| Classification by model | |
| Pt100 (New JIS standard) | E52-P15A Pt100 is indicated as P. |
| JPt100 (Previous JIS standard) | E52-PT15A JPt100 is indicated as PT. |
Note:OMRON discontinued production of JPt100 Sensors in March of 2003.
Temperature Sensor Construction
| Sheathed | Standard | |
| Features | ・ Compared with standard models, these sensors have high resistance to vibration and shock. ・ The finished outer diameter is extremely slim enabling easy insertion in small sensing objects, and low heat capacity enables fast response to changes in temperature. ・ The sheathed tubing is flexible, enabling insertion and measurement within complex machinery. ・ The airtight construction provides high sensitivity and prevents oxidation, for superior heat resistance and durability. | ・ Compared with the sheathed models, the thick tubing diameter provides strength and durability. ・ Slow response speed. |
| Internal structure |  |  |
Thermocouple Measuring Junction Construction
| Non-grounded models | Grounded models | |
| Features | ・ Fully isolated measuring junction and protective tubing ・ Response is inferior to grounded models, but noise resistance is high. ・ Widely used for general-purpose applications. | ・ Soldered ends of measuring junction protective tubing. ・ Fast response but noise resistance is low. ・ High productivity, low-cost model. |
| Internal construction |  |  |
| The sheath and thermocouple are insulated. | The sheath and thermocouple are not insulated. |
Terminal Block Appearance
| Exposed lead wires | Exposed terminals | Enclosed terminals | |
| Features | Lead wires directly extend from protective tubing, enabling low-cost manufacturing without requiring more space. → For building into machines | Construction uses exposed terminal screws for easy maintenance. → For general-purpose indoor use | Construction with enclosed terminal screws enables broad range of applications. → For indoor industrial equipment |
| Appearance |  |  |  |
| Permissible temperature in dry air | • Sleeve Standard: 0 to +70°C Heat Resistive: 0 to +100°C • Lead wire (platinum resistance thermometer) Standard (vinyl-covered): −20 to +70°C Heat resistive (glass-wool-covered with stainless-steel external shield): 0 to 180 °C • Lead wire (compensating conductor) Standard (vinyl-covered): −20 to +70°C Heat resistive (glass-wool-covered with stainless-steel external shield): 0 to 150°C | Permissible temperature in dry air for terminal box: 0 to +100°C | Permissible temperature in dry air for terminal box: 0 to +80°C |
Temperature Sensor Thermal Response
A delay will occur before the temperature sensor reaches the temperature of the sensing object. This delay is generally referred to as the response time. JIS standards specify the response characteristics of a temperature sensor as the time required by the sensor to reach 63.2% of the indicated value for the temperature of the sensing object starting from when the temperature sensor touches the sensing object. Refer to the test results provided in the tables on the right.
Thermal Response of Sheathed Temperature Sensors
Protective tubing: SUS316
| Test conditionsProtective tubingdia. (mm)Indicated value | Static water, room temperature to 100 °C | |||||||
| 1.0 dia. | 1.6 dia. | 3.2 dia. | 4.8 dia. | 6.4 dia. | ||||
| Thermocouple | Thermocouple | Thermocouple | Platinum resistance thermometer | Thermocouple | Platinum resistance thermometer | Thermocouple | Platinum resistance thermometer | |
| 63.2% of indicated value | 0.08 s | 0.15 s | 1 s | 2.5 s | 1.8 s | 4.2 s | 4 s | 9.9 s |
Standard Temperature Sensors
Thermal Response of Standard Thermocouple
Protective tubing: SUS316
| Test conditions Protective tubing dia. (mm) Indicated value | Static water | Dry air, room temperature to 100°C | |||
| 12 dia. (thermocouple element dia: 1.6 mm) | |||||
| Room temperature to 100°C | 100°C | Static air | Fed air: 1.5 m/s | Fed air: 3 m/s | |
| 63.2% of indicated value | 55 s | 56 s | 6 min. 50 s | 2 min. 2 s | 1 min. 43 s |
Thermal Response of Platinum Resistance Thermometer
Protective tubing: SUS316
| Test conditions Protective tubing dia. (mm) Indicated value | Static water, roomtemperature to 100°C | |
| 8 dia. | 10 dia. | |
| 63.2% of indicated value | 21.9 s | 23.6 s |
Vibration and Shock Resistance
The testing standards for temperature sensors specified by JIS are provided in the tables on the right. Refer to these standards and provide sufficient margins for the application conditions.
Vibration Resistance
Thermocouple
(Conforms to JIS C1602-1995)
| Test item | Frequency(Hz) | Doubleamplitude(mm) | Testing tim (min) | Vibration direction | |
| Sweeps | Destruction | Two axis directions including length direction | |||
| Resonance test | 30 to 100 | 0.05 | 2 | --- | |
| Fixed frequency durability test | 100 | 0.02 | --- | 60 | |
Note:This test is not performed for Sensors with non-metal protective tubing.Fixed frequency durability tests are conducted at 70 Hz when the resonance point is 100 Hz.
(Conforms to JIS C1604-1997)
| Frequency (Hz) | Acceleration (m/s2) | Sweeps per minute | No. of sweeps |
| 10 to 150 | 10 to 20 | 2 | 10 |
Shock Resistance
Holding the test product on its side, the product is then dropped from a height of 250 mm onto a steel plate 6 mm thick placed on a hard floor. This process is repeated 10 times, after which the product is checked for electrical faults in the measuring junctions and terminal contacts. This test is not performed, however, on products with non-metal protective tubing (conforms to JIS C1602-1995 and JIS C1604-1997).
Permissible Temperature in Dry Air
The permissible temperature in dry air refers to the temperature under which the thermoelectromotive force does not change above the values indicated in the following table when used continuously in static dry air for the time indicated in the following table. The permissible temperature depends on the type of lead wire (thermocouple), protective tubing material,and diameter. The life of thermocouples will generally be extended by lowering the operating temperature. Therefore, use the temperature sensors in conditions that provide sufficient margin in operating temperature beyond the permissible temperature in dry air.
(Conforms to JIS C1602-1995)
| Elementtype | Continuoususe (hours) | Change inthermoelectromotiveforce ateach temperature(%) |
| B | 2000 | ±0.5 |
| R | ||
| S | ||
| N | 10000 | ±0.75 |
| K | ||
| E | ||
| J | ||
| T |
Sheathed
Thermocouple Permissible Temperature in Dry Air
M: Protective tubing material
D: Protective tubing diameter (mm)
| Element M D | K (CA)Inconel | K (CA)SUS316 | J (IC)SUS316 |
| 1 dia. | --- | 650°C | 450°C |
| 1.6 dia. | --- | 650°C | 450°C |
| 3.2 dia. | --- | 750°C | 650°C |
| 4.8 dia. | --- | 800°C | 750°C |
| 6.4 dia. | 1,000°C | 800°C | 750°C |
| 8.0 dia. | 1,050°C | 900°C | 750°C |
Standard
Thermocouple Permissible Temperature in Dry Air
M: Protective tubing material
D: Protective tubing diameter (mm)
| Element M D | K (CA)SUS310S | K (CA)SUS316 | J (IC)SUS316 |
| 10 dia. | 750°C | 750°C | 450°C |
| 12 dia. | 850°C | 850°C | 500°C |
| 15 dia. | 900°C | 850°C | 550°C |
| 22 dia. | 1,000°C | 900°C | 600°C |
Permissible Temperature in Dry Air
| Element M D | RPT0 | RPT1 |
| 17 dia. | 1,400°C | |
| JIS symbol | Type |
| PT0 | Protective tubing: Special ceramic |
| PT1 | Protective tubing: Ceramic Cat. 1 |
Reference Material for Temperature Sensors
Thermocouple Standard Potential Difference
Thermocouples generate voltage according to the temperature difference. The potential difference is prescribed by Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS).The following chart gives the potential difference for R, S, K, and J thermocouples when the temperature of the reference junction is 0 °C.E5[]N, E5ZN, and E5[]R conform to standards published in 1995. Other Temperature Controllers conform to standards published in 1981 (listed below).
(Standards Published in 1995)
JIS C 1602-1995 (Unit: μV)
| Category | Temperature (°C) | 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 |
| R standard potential difference | 0 | 0 | 54 | 111 | 171 | 232 | 296 | 363 | 431 | 501 | 573 |
| 100 | 647 | 723 | 800 | 879 | 959 | 1041 | 1124 | 1208 | 1294 | 1381 | |
| 200 | 1469 | 1558 | 1648 | 1739 | 1831 | 1923 | 2017 | 2112 | 2207 | 2304 | |
| 300 | 2401 | 2498 | 2597 | 2696 | 2796 | 2896 | 2997 | 3099 | 3201 | 3304 | |
| 400 | 3408 | 3512 | 3616 | 3721 | 3827 | 3933 | 4040 | 4147 | 4255 | 4363 | |
| 500 | 4471 | 4580 | 4690 | 4800 | 4910 | 5021 | 5133 | 5245 | 5357 | 5470 | |
| 600 | 5583 | 5697 | 5812 | 5926 | 6041 | 6157 | 6273 | 6390 | 6507 | 6625 | |
| 700 | 6743 | 6861 | 6980 | 7100 | 7220 | 7340 | 7461 | 7583 | 7705 | 7827 | |
| 800 | 7950 | 8073 | 8197 | 8321 | 8446 | 8571 | 8697 | 8823 | 8950 | 9077 | |
| 900 | 9205 | 9333 | 9461 | 9590 | 9720 | 9850 | 9980 | 10111 | 10242 | 10374 | |
| 1000 | 10506 | 10638 | 10771 | 10905 | 11039 | 11173 | 11307 | 11442 | 11578 | 11714 | |
| 1100 | 11850 | 11986 | 12123 | 12260 | 12397 | 12535 | 12673 | 12812 | 12950 | 13089 | |
| 1200 | 13228 | 13367 | 13507 | 13646 | 13786 | 13926 | 14066 | 14207 | 14347 | 14488 | |
| 1300 | 14629 | 14770 | 14911 | 15052 | 15193 | 15334 | 15475 | 15616 | 15758 | 15899 | |
| 1400 | 16040 | 16181 | 16323 | 16464 | 16605 | 16746 | 16887 | 17028 | 17169 | 17310 | |
| 1500 | 17451 | 17591 | 17732 | 17872 | 18012 | 18152 | 18292 | 18431 | 18571 | 18710 | |
| 1600 | 18849 | 18988 | 19126 | 19264 | 19402 | 19540 | 19677 | 19814 | 19951 | 20087 | |
| 1700 | 20222 | 20356 | 20488 | 20620 | 20749 | 20877 | 21003 | --- | --- | --- | |
| S standard potential difference | 0 | 0 | 55 | 113 | 173 | 235 | 299 | 365 | 433 | 502 | 573 |
| 100 | 646 | 720 | 795 | 872 | 950 | 1029 | 1110 | 1191 | 1273 | 1357 | |
| 200 | 1441 | 1526 | 1612 | 1698 | 1786 | 1874 | 1962 | 2052 | 2141 | 2232 | |
| 300 | 2323 | 2415 | 2507 | 2599 | 2692 | 2786 | 2880 | 2974 | 3069 | 3164 | |
| 400 | 3259 | 3355 | 3451 | 3548 | 3645 | 3742 | 3840 | 3938 | 4036 | 4134 | |
| 500 | 4233 | 4332 | 4432 | 4532 | 4632 | 4732 | 4833 | 4934 | 5035 | 5137 | |
| 600 | 5239 | 5341 | 5443 | 5546 | 5649 | 5753 | 5857 | 5961 | 6065 | 6170 | |
| 700 | 6275 | 6381 | 6486 | 6593 | 6699 | 6806 | 6913 | 7020 | 7128 | 7236 | |
| 800 | 7345 | 7454 | 7563 | 7673 | 7783 | 7893 | 8003 | 8114 | 8226 | 8337 | |
| 900 | 8449 | 8562 | 8674 | 8787 | 8900 | 9014 | 9128 | 9242 | 9357 | 9472 | |
| 1000 | 9587 | 9703 | 9819 | 9935 | 10051 | 10168 | 10285 | 10403 | 10520 | 10638 | |
| 1100 | 10757 | 10875 | 10994 | 11113 | 11232 | 11351 | 11471 | 11590 | 11710 | 11830 | |
| 1200 | 11951 | 12071 | 12191 | 12312 | 12433 | 12554 | 12675 | 12796 | 12917 | 13038 | |
| 1300 | 13159 | 13280 | 13402 | 13523 | 13644 | 13766 | 13887 | 14009 | 14130 | 14251 | |
| 1400 | 14373 | 14494 | 14615 | 14736 | 14857 | 14978 | 15099 | 15220 | 15341 | 15461 | |
| 1500 | 15582 | 15702 | 15822 | 15942 | 16062 | 16182 | 16301 | 16420 | 16539 | 16658 | |
| 1600 | 16777 | 16895 | 17013 | 17131 | 17249 | 17366 | 17483 | 17600 | 17717 | 17832 | |
| 1700 | 17947 | 18061 | 18174 | 18285 | 18395 | 18503 | 18609 | --- | --- | --- | |
| K standard potential difference | 0 | 0 | 397 | 798 | 1203 | 1612 | 2023 | 2436 | 2851 | 3267 | 3682 |
| 100 | 4096 | 4509 | 4920 | 5328 | 5735 | 6138 | 6540 | 6941 | 7340 | 7739 | |
| 200 | 8138 | 8539 | 8940 | 9343 | 9747 | 10153 | 10561 | 10971 | 11382 | 11795 | |
| 300 | 12209 | 12624 | 13040 | 13457 | 13874 | 14293 | 14713 | 15133 | 15554 | 15975 | |
| 400 | 16397 | 16820 | 17243 | 17667 | 18091 | 18516 | 18941 | 19366 | 19792 | 20218 | |
| 500 | 20644 | 21071 | 21497 | 21924 | 22350 | 22776 | 23203 | 23629 | 24055 | 24480 | |
| 600 | 24905 | 25330 | 25755 | 26179 | 26602 | 27025 | 27447 | 27869 | 28289 | 28710 | |
| 700 | 29129 | 29548 | 29965 | 30382 | 30798 | 31213 | 31628 | 32041 | 32453 | 32865 | |
| 800 | 33275 | 33685 | 34093 | 34501 | 34908 | 35313 | 35718 | 36121 | 36524 | 36925 | |
| 900 | 37326 | 37725 | 38124 | 38522 | 38918 | 39314 | 39708 | 40101 | 40494 | 40885 | |
| 1000 | 41276 | 41665 | 42053 | 42440 | 42826 | 43211 | 43595 | 43978 | 44359 | 44740 | |
| 1100 | 45119 | 45497 | 45873 | 46249 | 46623 | 46995 | 47367 | 47737 | 48105 | 48473 | |
| 1200 | 48838 | 49202 | 49565 | 49926 | 50286 | 50644 | 51000 | 51355 | 51708 | 52060 | |
| 1300 | 52410 | 52759 | 53106 | 53451</ |