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Rotary Encoders

Rotary Encoders measure the number of rotations, the rotational angle, and the rotational position. Linear Encoders are also available to measure linear movement.

Primary Contents



Explanation of Terms

Resolution

The pulse count of an incremental signal output when the shaft revolves once, or the absolute address count.

Output Phase

The output signal count for an Incremental Encoder. There are 1-phase models (phase A), 2-phase models (phase A, phase B), and 3-phase models (phase A, phase B, and phase Z). The phase Z is an origin signal that is output once a revolution.

Output Phase Difference

When the shaft is rotated, this is the time difference between the rise or fall of the phase A and phase B signals, expressed as a proportion of the period of one signal, or as an electrical angle where one signal period equals 360°.
The difference between phase A and phase B as an electrical angle is normally 90°.

CW

The clockwise direction of rotation. Viewed from the end of the shaft, the shaft rotates clockwise. With an Incremental Encoder, phase A normally leads phase B in this rotation direction. With an Absolute Encoder, this is the direction of code increase.
The reverse of CW rotation is counterclockwise (CCW) rotation.

Output Duty Ratio

This is the ratio of the duration of high level during one period to the average period of pulse output when the shaft is rotated at a constant speed.

Maximum Response Frequency

The maximum frequency at which the signal can respond.

Rise and Fall Times of Output

The elapsed time from a 10% to 90% change in the output pulse.

Output Circuit

(1) Open-collector Output
An output circuit where the emitter of the output circuit transistor is the common and the collector is open.

(2) Voltage Output
An output circuit where the emitter of the output circuit transistor is the common and a resistor is inserted between the collector and the power supply to convert the output from the collector to a voltage.

(3) Line-driver Output
An output method that uses a special IC for high-speed, longdistance data transmission that complies with the RS-422A standard. The signal is output as a differential secondary signal, and thus is strong with respect to noise.
A special IC called a line receiver is used to receive the signal output from a line driver.

(4) Complementary Output
An output circuit with two output transistors (NPN and PNP) on the output.
These two output transistors alternately turn ON and OFF depending on the high or low output signal. When using them, pull up to the positive power supply voltage level or pull down to 0 V.
The complementary output allows flow-in or flow-out of the output current and thus the rising and falling speeds of signals are fast.
This allows a long cable distance.
They can be connected to open-collector input devices (NPN, PNP).

Starting Torque

The torque needed to rotate the shaft of the Rotary Encoder at startup.
The torque during normal rotation is normally lower than the starting torque. A shaft that has a waterproof seal has a higher starting torque.

Moment of Inertia

This expresses the magnitude of inertia when starting and stopping the Rotary Encoder.

Shaft Capacity

This is the load that can be applied to the shaft. The radial load is the load that is perpendicular to the shaft, and the thrust load is the load in the direction along the shaft. Both are permitted on the shaft during rotation, and the size of the load affects the life of the bearings.

Ambient Operating Temperature

The ambient temperature that meets the specifications, consisting of the permitted values for the external air temperature and the temperature of the parts that contact the Rotary Encoder.

Ambient Storage Temperature

The ambient temperature when the power is OFF that does not cause functional deterioration, consisting of the permitted values for the external air temperature and the temperature of the parts that contact the Rotary Encoder.

Degree of Protection

The level of protection against penetration of foreign objects from outside the Rotary Encoder. This is defined in the IEC60529 standard and expressed as IPXX.
The degree of protection against oil is specified by OMRON standards, and is expressed as oil-proof construction or oil resistance.

Absolute Code

(1) Binary Code
A pure binary code, expressed in the format 2n. Multiple bits may change when an address changes.

(2) Gray Code
A code in which only one bit changes when an address changes.
The code plate of the Rotary Encoder uses Gray Code.

(3) Remainder Gray Code
This code is used when expressing resolutions with Gray Code that are not 2n, such as 36, 360, and 720. The nature of Gray Code is such that when the most significant bit of the code changes from 0 to 1 and the same size of area is used for both the larger value and the smaller value of objects, the signal only changes by 1 bit within this range when changing from the end to the beginning of a code.
This enables any resolution that is an even number to be set with Gray Code. In this case, the code does not begin from 0, but from an intermediate code, and thus when actually using a code it must first be shifted so that it starts from 0.
The example in the code table shows 36 divisions. For the change from address 31 to 32, the code extends from address 14 to 49 when 18 addresses each are taken for the objects. When changing from address 49 to 14, only one bit changes, and we can see that the characteristic of Gray Code is preserved. By shifting the code 14 addresses, it can be converted to a code that starts from address 0.

(4) BCD
Binary Coded Decimal Code.
Each digit of a decimal number is expressed using a binary value.

Serial Transmission

In contrast to parallel transmission where multiple bits of data are simultaneously output, this method outputs data serially on a single transmission line, enabling the use of fewer wires. The receiving device converts the signals into parallel signals.

Hollow Shaft

The rotating shaft is hollow, and the drive shaft can be directly connected to the hole in the hollow shaft to reduce the length along the direction of the shaft. A leaf spring is used as a buffer to absorb vibration from the drive shaft.

Metal Disk

The rotating slit disk in the Encoder is made of metal for higher shock tolerance than glass. Due to slit machining limitations, the metal disk cannot be used for high-resolution applications.

Servo Mount

A method of mounting the Encoder in which a Servo Mounting Bracket is used to clamp down the flange of the Encoder. The position of the Encoder in the direction of rotation can be adjusted, and thus this method is used to temporarily mount the Encoder to adjust the origin. Refer to Accessories.

Absolute Code Table

DecimalBinaryGrayGray remainder 14BCD
101
0000000000000000000
1000010000010000001
2000100000110000010
3000110000100000011
4001000001100000100
5001010001110000101
6001100001010000110
7001110001000000111
8010000011000001000
9010010011010001001
10010100011110010000
11010110011100010001
12011000010100010010
13011010010110010011
1401110001001000010100
1501111001000010010101
1610000011000020010110
1710001011001030010111
18010010011011040011000
19010011011010050011001
20010100011110060100000
21010101011111070100001
22010110011101080100010
23010111011100090100011
24011000010100100100100
25011001010101110100101
26011010010111120100110
27011011010110130100111
28011100010010140101000
29011101010011150101001
30011110010001160110000
31011111010000170110001
32100000110000180110010
33100001110001190110011
34100010110011200110100
35100011110010210110101
36100100110110220110110
37100101110111230110111
38100110110101240111000
39100111110100250111001
40101000111100261000000
41101001111101271000001
42101010111111281000010
43101011111110291000011
44101100111010301000100
45101101111011311000101
46101110111001321000110
47101111111000331000111
48110000101000341001000
49110001101001351001001
501100101010111010000
511100111010101010001
521101001011101010010
531101011011111010011
541101101011011010100
551101111011001010101
561110001001001010110
571110011001011010111
581110101001111011000
591110111001101011001
601111001000101100000
611111011000111100001
621111101000011100010
631111111000001100111

Operating Procedure and Data

Peripheral Device Connectability

Incremental Encoders

Yes: Connection possible. No: Connection not possible.

Peripheral deviceDigital CounterSelf-powered TachometerFrequency/ Rate MeterUp/Down Counting MeterPeriod MeterDirection Detection UnitBuilt-in Counterin SYSMAC PLCHigh-speed Rotary Counter Unit
Rotary Encoder modelModelH7BRH7ERK3NRK3NCK3NPE63-WF5CCJ1M-CPU2[]C[]-CT[]
E6D-CWZ1E
E6J-CWZ1E
Yes
Requires separate power supply for Encoder.
YesNoNoNoNoNoYes
E6D-CWZ2CYesYesYesYesYesYesNoYes
E6F-CWZ5GYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
E6A2-CS3E
E6A2-CW3E
E6A2-CWZ3E
E6B2-CWZ3E
E6H-CWZ3E
E6C2-CWZ3E
E6C3-CWZ3EH
YesYesYesYesYesYesNoYes
E6A2-CS3C
E6A2-CW3C
E6A2-CWZ3C
E6A2-CS5C
E6A2-CW5C
E6B2-CWZ6C
E6H-CWZ6C
E6C2-CWZ6C
E6C3-CWZ5GH
YesYesYesYesYesYesNoYes
Yes
E6B2-CWZ1X
E6H-CWZ3X
E6C2-CWZ1X
E6C3-CWZ3XH
NoNoNoNoNoNoYesYes
E6B2-CWZ5B
E6C2-CWZ5B
Yes
Requires external load connection resistor.
NoYesNoYesNoNoNo

Absolute Encoders

Peripheral deviceCam PositionerSYSMAC Programmable Controller
Rotary
Encoder
model
ModelH8PSH8PRCPM1ACQM1H-CPU51
+CQM1H-ABB21
DC Input Unit
E6CP-AG5C
E6C3-AG5C
NoNoYes
Requires separate power supply for Encoder.
Yes
Requires separate power supply for Encoder.
Yes
Requires separate power supply for Encoder.
E6CP-AG5C-C
E6C3-AG5C-C
E6F-AG5C-C
YesNoNoYes
Requires E69-DC5 Connection Cable.
No
E6F-AB3CNoNoYes
Requires separate power supply for Encoder.
NoYes
Requires separate power supply for Encoder.
E6F-AB3C-CNoYesNoNoNo
E6C-NN5C
E6C-NN5CA
NoNoYesNoYes
Requires separate power supply for Encoder.
E6C-NN5C-C
E6C-NN5CA-C
NoNoYes
Requires PS-26PED4[] Connector manufactured by Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd.
NoYes
Requires PS-26PED4[] Connector manufactured by Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd., and separate power supply for Encoder.

Example of Connection with H7ER Self-powered Tachometer

Example of
Applicable
Models
E6A2-CS3E 10P/R, 60P/R
E6C2-CWZ3E, E6F-CWZ5G 600P/R
E6C3-CWZ3EH 10P/R, 60P/R, 600P/R

Example of Connection with H7BR Digital Counter

Example of
Applicable
Models
E6A2-CW3E
E6C2-CWZ3E, E6C3-CWZ3EH,
E6F-CWZ5G

Example of Connection with K3NC Up/Down Counting Meter

NPN Open-collector Outputs

Example of
Applicable
Models
E6A2-CS3C, E6A2-CS5C
E6A2-CW3C, E6A2-CW5C
E6C2-CWZ6C, E6F-CWZ5G

Voltage Outputs

Example of
Applicable
Models
E6A2-CS3E, E6A2-CW3E
E6C2-CWZ3E

Example of Connection with CJ1W-CT021 High-speed Counter Unit in Programmable Controller

Example of
Applicable
Models (1)
E6A2-C, E6B2-C, E6C2-C, E6H-C
E6F-CWZ5G,
E6D (open-collector output)

Encoder with NPN Open-collector Output (5/12/24 VDC)

Note:Connections are as follows if the Encoder power supply is 5 V or 24 V.
Phase A + 5-V power supply ➝ A19, 24 V ➝ B20
Phase B + 5-V power supply ➝ A17, 24 V ➝ B18

Example of
Applicable
Models (2)
E6B2-CWZ5B
E6C2-CWZ5B, E6C3-CWZ5GH

Encoder with PNP Open-collector Output (5/12/24 VDC)

Note:Note: Connections are as follows if the Encoder power supply is 5 V or 24 V.
Phase A + 5-V power supply ➝ A19, 24 V ➝ B20
Phase B + 5-V power supply ➝ A17, 24 V ➝ B18

Example of
Applicable
Models (3)
E6B2-CWZ1X, E6C2-CWZ1X
E6C3-CWZ3XH, E6H-CWZ3X

Encoder with Line-driver Output (RS-422)

Example of Connection with CJ1M-CPU2[] Programmable Controller

Example of
Applicable
Models
E6A2-CWZ5C, E6C2-CWZ6C,
E6C3-CWZ5GH, E6F-CWZ5G

The six inputs to the CPU Unit (IN 8, 9, and 3, and IN 6, 7, and 2) can be used for the built-in high-speed counter by directly inputting the pulse input from the Rotary Encoder.

The response speed is 60 kHz for single phase and the phase difference (multiplier of 4) is 30 kHz. Counting can be performed from 0 to 4,294,967,295 pulses in incremental mode and from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 in incremental/decremental mode.

Operating modes for the high-speed counter are set in the PLC Setup.

<Count Mode>

Phase
difference
input mode
Incremental/decremental
counting is performed using
the phase difference
between phases A and B
(4-times multiplier constant).
Incement/
decrement
pulse input
mode
Incremental/decremental
counting is performed using
phase A as the incremental
pulse input and phase B as
the decremental pulse input.
Pulse and
direction input
mode
Incremental/decremental
counting is performed using
phase A as the pulse input
and phase B as the direction
signal (i.e., incremental/
decremental).
Incremental
pulse input
mode
Incremental counting is
performed using phase A
only.

<Value range mode>

Linear modeCounting is performed within
the range of the upper limit
and lower limit.
Ring modeCounting is performed by
looping the input pulse within
the set range.

<Reset Method>

Phase Z and
software reset
If software reset is ON, the
present value will be reset
when the phase-Z input turns ON.
Software resetThe present value will be
reset when software reset
turns ON.

<Output Method>

Target value
comparison
Up to 48 target values can be
set. When the present value
reaches a target value, the
specified subroutine is
executed.
Range
comparison
Up to 8 ranges (upper and
lower limits) can be set.
When the present value
enters a range, the specified
subroutine is executed.
Example of
Applicable
Models
E6B2-CWZ1X, E6C2-CWZ1X,
E6C3-CWZ3XH, E6H-CWZ3X with Line-driver
Output

Example of Connection with CQM1H-CPU51 + CQM1H-ABB21 Programmable Controller
(Absolute Interface, Built-in RS-232C, Large Capacity)

Example of
Applicable
Models
E6F-AG5C-C, E6CP-AG5C-C
E6C3-AG5C-C

Position data can be directly input from the Absolute Encoder. The absolute data input is 12-bit gray code. Position data is stored even when the power supply is interrupted, so there is no need to return to the origin when the power is restored.
The origin compensation function enables any position to be treated as the origin.

<Operation Modes>

BCD mode or 360° mode can be selected.

<Resolution>

Any of the following can be selected.
8-bit (0 to 255)
10-bit (0 to 1023)
12-bit (0 to 4095)
Set the mode according to the resolution of the Encoder.

<Input Specifications>

Input
voltage
DC24V ±10%/-15%
Input
impedance
5.4kΩ
Input
current
4mA (TYP.)
ON voltage16. 8 VDC min
OFF
voltage
3.0 VDC max.
Counting
speed
4 KHz max.
Input codeGray binary
(8, 10, or 12 bits)
I/O capacity128 points
User
memory
3.2 Kwords
Data memory1 Kword
Number of
connected
Units
7 max.
Instruction
set
118
instructions

Note:When using a 256 resolution, use the 69-DC5 Connection Cable (optional).

Connecting Cable for CQM1H-CPU51 Programmable Controller (Optional)

E69-DC5

Applicable models: E6C3-AG5C-C, E6CP-AG5C-C, E6F-AG5C-C

Note:

1.6-dia. 12-conductor shielded cable (cross-section area: 0.2 mm2; insulation diameter: 1.1 mm), Standard length: 5 m

2.Connected to CQM1H-CPU51.

3.12 to 24 VDC

4.Connect to Encoder.

Recommended Products

E6B2-C

General-purpose Encoder with Diameter of 40 mm

E6C2-C

Tough and Easy

E6CP-A

An Absolute Encoder at About the Same Price as an Incremental Encoder.Ideal for robot limit signals.